Yemen’s conflict, fueled by Saudi-Emirati rivalry, has fragmented the state and left the Houthis as the dominant actor.

Egypt has publicly invoked its decades-old defense agreement with Sudan, signaling a strategic commitment to protect the state amid escalating war and regional power struggles.

Algeria’s rising tensions with the UAE over alleged support for separatists and regional rivalries have brought the two countries to the brink of a diplomatic break.

Egypt is shifting its Libya policy from backing a single faction to engaging Tripoli and other actors, balancing security, influence, and legitimacy to protect its strategic interests.

Sudan’s war is spilling beyond its borders, as the Rapid Support Forces militia recruits fighters from South Sudan, pulling the conflict into a dangerous web of cross‑border militias and regional rivalries.